The former relies on the motion of celestial bodies, including Earth, to keep track of time, whether it's the rotation time of a distant spinning star such as a pulsar (opens in new tab), the motion of a star across our night sky or the rotation of Earth. There are two main ways of measuring time: dynamic and atomic time. Their results supported Einstein's theory that time fluctuates throughout the universe. In their paper published in 1972 in the journal Science, Hafele and Keating reported that the airborne clocks were about 59 nanoseconds slower than a ground-based atomic clock when traveling east, and 273 nanoseconds faster than the ground-based version when traveling west. Hafele and Richard Keating tested Einstein's theory by flying four cesium atomic clocks on planes around the world, going eastwards and then westwards. Related story: What is space-time? (opens in new tab)ĭecades later, Einstein's theory was proven to be true. Time would speed up and slow down around cosmological bodies with different masses and velocities, and therefore one second on Earth was not the same length of time everywhere in the universe. He postulated that time was more like a river, ebbing and flowing depending on the effects of gravity (opens in new tab) and space-time. However, in 1905, Albert Einstein (opens in new tab) asserted that the speed of light doesn't vary (opens in new tab), but is a constant, traveling at 186,282 miles per second (299,792 kilometers per second). Every day has roughly 24 hours you don't have one day with 26 and one with 23. This is something that it's easy to think is true. Time must tick from one second to the next, with no difference between the length of any two seconds. By applying this theory, he was able to assume that if the speed of light (opens in new tab) could vary, then time must be constant. He believed that absolute motion could not be detected, which meant that nothing in the universe had a constant speed, even light. To Newton, one second on Earth was the same length of time as that same second on Mars (opens in new tab), Jupiter (opens in new tab) or in deep space. In the 17th century, physicist Isaac Newton (opens in new tab) saw time as an arrow fired from a bow, traveling in a direct, straight line and never deviating from its path. How It Works (opens in new tab) is the action-packed magazine that's bursting with exciting information about the latest advances in science and technology, featuring everything you need to know about how the world around you - and the universe - works. If you don't want to use a conversion calculator (like the one above), another basic tool is a decimal conversion chart. When you have to turn, say, 17 hours and 25 minutes in decimals, you can easily check the conversion table and see that this equals 17.42 hours.This article is brought to you by How It Works (opens in new tab). Manually converting employee hours and minutes to decimal values (hundredths) is time-consuming and prone to errors. Minutes to Decimals Time Conversion Chart To get her net pay, you'll have to factor in deductions and taxes. Melanie’s weekly pay based on her total hours is then: 37.7 hours x $15 = $565.50 This means that 37 hours and 42 minutes convert to 37.7 hours in decimal time. Then you have to add the converted minutes to the hours: 37 + 0.7 = 37.7 The correct calculation is thus: 42 minutes/60 = 0.7 You have to convert minutes into decimals. This is wrong since, once again, an hour is made up of 60 minutes, and not 100. However, if you take 37 hours and 42 minutes as they are, you would get 37.42. Then you need to multiply the number of hours she worked by her hourly rate to determine her weekly total pay. The hourly rate that she receives is $15.įirst, you have to take the information from her weekly time card or timesheet that contains her clock-in and clock-out times (ee timecard templates here). This week she has worked 37 hours and 42 minutes (and no overtime hours). It is also essential for keeping track of lunch breaks, general break time, overtime pay, and holidays. This is crucial for hourly staff members, who are often non-exempt employees. You need to convert time into decimal numbers to figure out your employees' exact pay rate. Why? Because one hour contains 60 minutes, and not 100. But hours and minutes aren’t directly equal to money owed. Usually you get records of employees’ time worked in hours and minutes. Wait…so why do I need time clock conversion?
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